A new drug could put an end to cumbersome CPAP machines, which are thought to be used by some 33 million Americans to manage their sleep apnea.
Roughly 39 million Americans, including President Biden, currently suffer from sleep apnea. The most common form of the disorder is OSA, or obstructive sleep apnea. In OSA patients, the upper airway partly or completely closes during sleep, blocking the flow of air to the lungs and causing breathing to repeatedly start and stop.
In addition to risks like death, high blood pressure, stroke, heart disease, type 2 diabetes and possibly cognitive decline and dementia, OSA contributes to a serious decline in sleep quality.
The breathing condition is grossly underdiagnosed with the Cleveland Clinic reporting that 85% to 90% of people with sleep apnea don’t know that they have it.
As per The Post, symptoms of OSA include:
- Excessive daytime sleepiness.
- Observed episodes of stopped breathing during sleep.
- Waking during the night and gasping or choking.
- Awakening in the morning with a dry mouth or sore throat.
- Morning headaches.
- Trouble focusing during the day.
- Mood changes, such as depression or being easily upset.
- High blood pressure.
- Decreased interest in sex.
CPAP, or continuous positive airway pressure machine, force air into the body via a face mask and are the most common treatment for OSA.
Because they are both cumbersome and expensive, many sleep apnea patients don’t use CPAP machines.
Dr. David Kuhlmann, director of sleep medicine at Bothwell Regional Health Center in Sedalia, Missouri, and spokesperson for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine tells WebMD, “In my patients, I’d say a quarter of them don’t get compliant on the machine and require other treatments,” primarily because they “just don’t want to wear a mask at night.”
Kuhlman maintains that despite patient resistance, no treatment compares to the efficacy of a CPAP, which supplies users with continuous air throughout the night.
There’s currently no drug approved for the treatment of sleep apnea, but the makers of a new pill are hoping to change that.
Researchers at Apnimed, a Massachusetts-based company, have developed a drug called AD109. The experimental drug is a combination of aroxybutynin, which is used to treat symptoms of an overactive bladder and atomoxetine, used to treat ADHD.
Both drugs are designed to help keep people asleep, and in tandem can reportedly keep a person’s airway from collapsing during the night.
Per the published study, the drug has shown, “clinically meaningful improvement in [sleep apnea], suggesting that further development of the compound is warranted.”
In addition to promising improvements, phase II trials of the drug noted an absence of major side effects.
It’s not all clear airways and green lights however.
The study found that AD109 was more effective in treating patients with mild cases of OSA rather than those with severe symptoms. Kuhlmann explains, “It seems AD109 treats more of a milder spectrum than maybe the ones who would get the most benefit.”
Kuhlman notes that data on oxygen saturation is suspiciously absent from the trial study. Oxygen saturation shows the level of red blood cells in your circulation that are fully saturated with oxygen. This percentage fluctuates throughout the day, measuring between 95-100% in healthy individuals. The percentage may decrease during sleep but should not dip below 90%.
For OSA patients, these levels change dramatically during the night, dropping as low as 70%. The absence of this data makes it difficult to discern or predict how AD109 will support patients in the long run.
A third trial of the drug is currently underway.
For those looking to forgo both drugs and the drudgery of a CPAP machine, lifestyle changes like weight loss, reducing alcohol intake, and quitting smoking have proven beneficial. For others, the cure may be a matter of what’s on their fork; researchers from Flinders University in Australia found that those who adopted a vegetarian or vegan diet were nearly 20% less likely to develop OSA than their carnivorous counterparts.
